Understanding Canine Brucellosis: A Threat to Dogs and Humans

Canine brucellosis, caused by the bacteria Brucella canis, poses a significant health risk to both dogs and humans. It's a highly contagious disease that primarily affects the reproductive system of dogs but can also lead to a range of other health complications. Understanding this disease is crucial for responsible dog ownership and safeguarding public health.

What is Canine Brucellosis?

Canine brucellosis is a bacterial infection that spreads easily among dogs. The bacteria primarily target the reproductive organs, leading to issues such as infertility, miscarriages, and stillbirths. While less common, it can also infect other parts of the body like the eyes, joints, and even the brain.

Transmission and Risk Factors

Transmission occurs through contact with infected bodily fluids, particularly reproductive secretions, urine, and aborted fetuses. Breeding dogs, those in shelters or kennels, and those exposed to stray dogs are at a higher risk. The incidence of canine brucellosis varies across the United States, with estimates ranging from 1% to 9% of dogs being infected. The southern states have the highest prevalence, but relocation of dogs due to natural disasters and shelter overcrowding has led to the spread of the disease to other regions.

The global picture is also concerning. Surveys of stray dogs in Central and South America report an alarming incidence of 20 to 30%, raising concerns about widespread exposure as more dogs are imported from these areas to U.S. shelters.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms can vary, but common ones include:

Diagnosing brucellosis involves blood tests that detect antibodies to the bacteria. Additional tests, such as cultures or PCR, may be needed to confirm the presence of the bacteria.

Treatment and Prevention

Unfortunately, there's no cure for canine brucellosis. Antibiotics may help manage the infection, but they don't eliminate the bacteria completely. Infected dogs remain carriers and can intermittently shed the bacteria, posing a risk to other dogs and humans.

Prevention is key:

The Zoonotic Risk: Can Humans Get Brucellosis from Dogs?

Yes, canine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from dogs to humans. While the risk is relatively low, people in close contact with infected dogs, such as breeders and veterinarians, are more susceptible. Transmission usually occurs through contact with infected bodily fluids or tissues.

Symptoms in Humans and Prevention

Human symptoms can be vague and flu-like, including fever, chills, fatigue, and muscle aches. In severe cases, it can affect the joints, bones, or heart. If you suspect exposure, consult your doctor immediately.

To prevent infection:

Living with an Infected Dog

If your dog is diagnosed with brucellosis, it's important to consult with your veterinarian and take precautions to prevent transmission to other dogs and humans. This may involve isolation, spaying or neutering, and strict hygiene practices. In some cases, euthanasia may be recommended to protect public health.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the symptoms of canine brucellosis?

Can a dog survive with brucellosis?

While dogs can survive with brucellosis, there is no cure. They remain carriers and can spread the disease to others. Euthanasia is often recommended to prevent further transmission and protect public health.

Can humans get brucellosis from dogs?

Yes, humans can contract brucellosis from infected dogs, though it's uncommon. Transmission typically occurs through contact with infected birthing fluids or vaginal discharge.

Do dogs with brucellosis have to be euthanized?

Euthanasia is often recommended due to the lack of a cure and the ongoing risk of transmission to other dogs and humans. However, in some cases, infected dogs may be managed with strict isolation and hygiene practices.

Conclusion

Canine brucellosis is a serious and complex disease that demands vigilance and responsible pet ownership. Understanding its transmission, symptoms, and preventative measures is vital to protect both dogs and humans. By prioritizing testing, especially in breeding dogs and those from shelters or areas with high prevalence, practicing good hygiene, and making informed decisions about the care of infected dogs, we can work towards minimizing the impact of this disease. Remember, knowledge and proactive measures are our best defense against this challenging disease.


About the Author

Dr. Jennifer Sperry is a licensed vet and Medical Director at Independence Pet Group. She is dedicated to educating pet parents about the importance of pet health and financial preparedness and helping bring pet health information to a broad audience.